SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Property (programming)</title>

</head>

Property (programming)

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

A property, in some <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, is a special sort of <a href="Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a> member, intermediate in functionality between a <a href="Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)">field</a> (or data member) and a <a href="Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">method</a>. The syntax for reading and writing of properties is like for fields, but property reads and writes are (usually) translated to '<a href="Accessor_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessor method">getter</a>' and '<a href="Mutator_method" title="Mutator method">setter</a>' method calls. The field-like syntax is easier to read and write than many method calls, yet the interposition of method calls "under the hood" allows for <a href="Data_validation" title="Data validation">data validation</a>, <a href="Active_updating" title="Active updating">active updating</a> (e.g., of <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> elements), or implementation of what may be called "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/read-only" class="extiw external" title="wikt:read-only">read-only</a> fields".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_in_languages">Support in languages</h2></div>

Programming languages that support properties include <a href="ActionScript_3" class="mw-redirect" title="ActionScript 3">ActionScript 3</a>, <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Delphi</a>/<a href="Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a>, eC, <a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="Objective-C#Objective-C_2.0" title="Objective-C">Objective-C 2.0</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>, <a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, <a href="Lua_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, and <a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>.

Some object-oriented languages, such as <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, do not support properties, requiring the programmer to define a pair of <a href="Accessor_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessor method">accessor</a> and <a href="Mutator_method" title="Mutator method">mutator</a> methods instead.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<a href="Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> provides an alternative mechanism using object variable visibility flags.

Other languages designed for the <a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Virtual Machine</a>, such as <a href="Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a>, natively support properties.

While <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> does not have first class properties, they can be emulated with <a href="Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">operator overloading</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

Also note that some C++ compilers support first class properties as language extensions.

<ul><li>In <a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a>, and <a href="LLVM" title="LLVM">llvm/clang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> the <code>__declspec(property)</code> creates properties similar to <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Borland_C%2B%2B" title="Borland C++">Borland C++</a> and <a href="C%2B%2BBuilder" title="C++Builder">Borland/CodeGear/Embarcadero C++Builder</a> use the <code>__property</code> keyword.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul>

In many object oriented languages properties are implemented as a pair of accessor/mutator methods, but accessed using the same syntax as for public fields. Omitting a method from the pair yields a read-only or an uncommon write-only property.

In some languages with no built-in support for properties, a similar construct can be implemented as a single method that either returns or changes the underlying data, depending on the context of its invocation. Such techniques are used e.g. in <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>.

Some languages (<a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>) achieve property-like syntax using normal methods, sometimes with a limited amount of <a href="Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax_variants">Syntax variants</h2></div>

Some languages follow well-established syntax conventions for formally specifying and utilizing properties and methods.

Among these conventions:

<ul><li>Dot notation</li>

<li>Bracket notation</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dot_notation">Dot notation</h3></div>

The following example demonstrates dot notation in JavaScript.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>document.createElement('pre');

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bracket_notation">Bracket notation</h3></div>

The following example demonstrates bracket notation in JavaScript.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>document['createElement']('pre');

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_syntax">Example syntax</h2></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Pen

{

private int color; // private field

// public property

public int Color

{

get

{

return this.color;

}

set

{

if (value > 0) {

this.color = value;

}

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// accessing:

Pen pen = new Pen();

int color_tmp = 0;

// ...

color_tmp = pen.Color;

// ...

pen.Color = ~pen.Color; // bitwise complement ...

// another silly example:

pen.Color += 1; // a lot clearer than "pen.set_Color(pen.get_Color() + 1)"!

</pre></div>

Recent C# versions also allow "auto-implemented properties" where the backing field for the property is generated by the compiler during compilation. This means that the property must have a setter. However, it can be private.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Shape

{

public int Height { get; set; }

public int Width { get; private set; }

}

</pre></div>

<a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> does not have first class properties, but there exist several ways to emulate properties to a limited degree. Two of which follow:

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Using_Standard_C++">Using Standard C++</h4></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <iostream>

template <typename T> class property {

T value;

public:

T & operator = (const T &i) {

return value = i;

}

// This template class member function template serves the purpose to make

// typing more strict. Assignment to this is only possible with exact identical types.

// The reason why it will cause an error is temporary variable created while implicit type conversion in reference initialization.

template <typename T2> T2 & operator = (const T2 &i) {

T2 &guard = value;

throw guard; // Never reached.

}

// Implicit conversion back to T.

operator T const & () const {

return value;

}

};

struct Foo {

// Properties using unnamed classes.

class {

int value;

public:

int & operator = (const int &i) { return value = i; }

operator int () const { return value; }

} alpha;

class {

float value;

public:

float & operator = (const float &f) { return value = f; }

operator float () const { return value; }

} bravo;

};

struct Bar {

// Using the property<>-template.

property <bool> alpha;

property <unsigned int> bravo;

};

int main () {

Foo foo;

foo.alpha = 5;

foo.bravo = 5.132f;

Bar bar;

bar.alpha = true;

bar.bravo = true; // This line will yield a compile time error

// due to the guard template member function.

::std::cout << foo.alpha << ", "

<< foo.bravo << ", "

<< bar.alpha << ", "

<< bar.bravo

<< ::std::endl;

return 0;

}

</pre></div>

Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/5924594">Stack Overflow</a> for a more detailed example.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="C++,_Microsoft,_GCC,_LLVM/clang_and_C++Builder-specific">C++, Microsoft, GCC, LLVM/clang and C++Builder-specific</h4></div>

An example taken from the MSDN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/yhfk0thd.aspx">documentation page</a>.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// declspec_property.cpp

struct S

{

int i;

void putprop(int j)

{

i = j;

}

int getprop()

{

return i;

}

__declspec(property(get = getprop, put = putprop)) int the_prop;

};

int main()

{

S s;

s.the_prop = 5;

return s.the_prop;

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-d mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Pen

{

private int m_color; // private field

// public get property

public int color () {

return m_color;

}

// public set property

public void color (int value) {

m_color = value;

}

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-d mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>auto pen = new Pen;

pen.color = ~pen.color; // bitwise complement

// the set property can also be used in expressions, just like regular assignment

int theColor = (pen.color = 0xFF0000);

</pre></div>

In D version 2, each property accessor or mutator must be marked with @property:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-d mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Pen

{

// public get property

@property public int color () {

return m_color;

}

// public set property

@property public void color (int value) {

m_color = value;

}

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delphi/Free_Pascal">Delphi/Free Pascal</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>type TPen = class

private

FColor: TColor;

function GetColor: TColor;

procedure SetColor(const AValue: TColor);

public

property Color: Integer read GetColor write SetColor;

end;

function TPen.GetColor: TColor;

begin

Result := FColor;

end;

procedure TPen.SetColor(const AValue: TColor);

begin

if FColor <> AValue

then FColor := AValue;

end;

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// accessing:

var Pen: TPen;

// ...

Pen.Color := not Pen.Color;

(*

Delphi and Free Pascal also support a 'direct field' syntax -

property Color: TColor read FColor write SetColor;

or

property Color: TColor read GetColor write FColor;

where the compiler generates the exact same code as for reading and writing

a field. This offers the efficiency of a field, with the safety of a property.

(You can't get a pointer to the property, and you can always replace the member

access with a method call.)

*)

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ec mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Pen

{

// private data member

Color color;

public:

// public property

property Color color

{

get { return color; }

set { color = value; }

}

}

Pen blackPen { color = black };

Pen whitePen { color = white };

Pen pen3 { color = { 30, 80, 120 } };

Pen pen4 { color = ColorHSV { 90, 20, 40 } };

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>type Pen() = class

let mutable _color = 0

member this.Color

with get() = _color

and set value = _color <- value

end

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fsharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let pen = new Pen()

pen.Color <- ~~~pen.Color

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JavaScript">JavaScript</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function Pen() {

this._color = 0;

}

// Add the property to the Pen type itself, can also

// be set on the instance individually

Object.defineProperties(Pen.prototype, {

color: {

get: function () {

return this._color;

},

set: function (value) {

}

});

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>var pen = new Pen();

pen.color = ~pen.color; // bitwise complement

pen.color += 1; // Add one

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ActionScript_3.0">ActionScript 3.0</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-actionscript3 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>package {

public class Pen {

private var _color:uint = 0;

public function get color ():uint {

return _color;

}

public function set color(value:uint):void {

_color = value;

}

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-actionscript3 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>var pen:Pen = new Pen();

pen.color = ~pen.color; // bitwise complement

pen.color += 1; // add one

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objective-C_2.0">Objective-C 2.0</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-objc mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>@interface Pen : NSObject

@property (copy) NSColor *colour; // The "copy" attribute causes the object's copy to be

// retained, instead of the original.

@end

@implementation Pen

@synthesize colour; // Compiler directive to synthesise accessor methods.

// It can be left behind in Xcode 4.5 and later.

@end

</pre></div>

The above example could be used in an arbitrary method like this:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-objc mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Pen *pen = [[Pen alloc] init];

pen.colour = [NSColor blackColor];

float red = pen.colour.redComponent;

[pen.colour drawSwatchInRect: NSMakeRect(0, 0, 100, 100)];

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-php mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Pen

{

private int $color = 1;

function __set($property, $value)

{

if (property_exists($this, $property)) {

$this->$property = $value;

}

function __get($property)

{

return $this->$property;

}

return null;

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-php mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$p = new Pen();

$p->color = ~$p->color; // Bitwise complement

echo $p->color;

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Python">Python</h3></div>

Properties only work correctly for new-style classes (classes that have <code>object</code> as a <a href="Superclass_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superclass (computer science)">superclass</a>), and are only available in Python 2.2 and newer (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.2/descrintro/#property">the relevant section of the tutorial Unifying types and classes in Python 2.2</a>). Python 2.6 added a new syntax involving decorators for defining properties.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Pen:

def __init__(self) -> None:

self._color = 0 # "private" variable

@property

def color(self):

return self._color

@color.setter

def color(self, color):

self._color = color

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>pen = Pen()

# Accessing:

pen.color = ~pen.color # Bitwise complement ...

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Pen

def initialize

@color = 0

end

# Defines a getter for the @color field

def color

@color

end

# Defines a setter for the @color field

def color=(value)

@color = value

end

end

pen = Pen.new

pen.color = ~pen.color # Bitwise complement

</pre></div>

Ruby also provides automatic getter/setter synthesizers defined as instance methods of Class.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Pen

attr_reader :brand # Generates a getter for @brand (Read-Only)

attr_writer :size # Generates a setter for @size (Write-Only)

attr_accessor :color # Generates both a getter and setter for @color (Read/Write)

def initialize

@color = 0 # Within the object, we can access the instance variable directly

@brand = "Penbrand"

@size = 0.7 # But we could also use the setter method defined by the attr_accessor Class instance method

end

end

pen = Pen.new

puts pen.brand # Accesses the pen brand through the generated getter

pen.size = 0.5 # Updates the size field of the pen through the generated setter

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_Basic">Visual Basic</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_Basic_(.NET_2003–2010)">Visual Basic (.NET 2003–2010)</h4></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-vbnet mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Public Class Pen

Private _color As Integer ' Private field

Public Property Color() As Integer ' Public property

Get

Return _color

End Get

Set(ByVal value As Integer)

_color = value

End Set

End Property

End Class

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-vbnet mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>' Create Pen class instance

Dim pen As New Pen()

' Set value

pen.Color = 1

' Get value

Dim color As Int32 = pen.Color

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_Basic_(only_.NET_2010)">Visual Basic (only .NET 2010)</h4></div>

End Class

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-vbnet mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>' Create Pen class instance

' Set value

pen.Color = 1

' Get value

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_Basic_6">Visual Basic 6</h4></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-vbnet mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>' in a class named clsPen

Private m_Color As Long

Public Property Get Color() As Long

Color = m_Color

End Property

Public Property Let Color(ByVal RHS As Long)

m_Color = RHS

End Property

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-vbnet mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>' accessing:

' ...

pen.Color = Not pen.Color

</pre></div>

<ul><li><a href="Attribute_(computing)" title="Attribute (computing)">Attribute (computing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bound_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound property">Bound property</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)">Field (computer science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexer_(programming)" title="Indexer (programming)">Indexer (programming)</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">Method (computer programming)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutator_method" title="Mutator method">Mutator method</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_access_principle" title="Uniform access principle">Uniform access principle</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=35154">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/3614a6/accessors-and-mutators-in-java/">"Accessors And Mutators In Java"</a>. C# Corner - Community of Software and Data Developers. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5772480/portability-of-native-c-properties">"Portability of Native C++ properties"</a>. Stack Overflow. Stack Overflow. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="21_November_2021" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/property-cpp?view=msvc-170">"property (C++)"</a>. Microsoft technical documentation. Microsoft. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clang.llvm.org/doxygen/classclang_1_1MSPropertyDecl.html">"clang::MSPropertyDecl Class Reference"</a>. Clang: a C language family frontend for LLVM. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docwiki.embarcadero.com/RADStudio/Sydney/en/Property">"__property Keyword Extension"</a>. Embarcadero/IDERA Documentation Wiki. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Property_(programming)&oldid=1271571843">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>